....

actix_mvc_app/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "actix_mvc_app"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+actix-web = "4.5.1"
+actix-files = "0.6.5"
+tera = "1.19.1"
+serde = { version = "1.0.197", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.114"
+env_logger = "0.11.2"
+log = "0.4.21"
+dotenv = "0.15.0"
+chrono = { version = "0.4.35", features = ["serde"] }
+config = "0.14.0"
+num_cpus = "1.16.0"
+futures = "0.3.30"

actix_mvc_app/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# Actix MVC App
+
+A Rust web application built with Actix Web, Tera templates, and Bootstrap 5.3.5, following the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern.
+
+## Features
+
+- **Actix Web**: A powerful, pragmatic, and extremely fast web framework for Rust
+- **Tera Templates**: A template engine inspired by Jinja2 and Django templates
+- **Bootstrap 5.3.5**: A popular CSS framework for responsive web design
+- **MVC Architecture**: Clean separation of concerns with Models, Views, and Controllers
+- **Middleware Support**: Custom middleware for request timing and security headers
+- **Configuration Management**: Flexible configuration system with environment variable support
+- **Static File Serving**: Serve CSS, JavaScript, and other static assets
+
+## Project Structure
+
+```
+actix_mvc_app/
+├── Cargo.toml                 # Project dependencies
+├── src/
+│   ├── config/                # Configuration management
+│   ├── controllers/           # Request handlers
+│   ├── middleware/            # Custom middleware components
+│   ├── models/                # Data models and business logic
+│   ├── routes/                # Route definitions
+│   ├── static/                # Static assets (CSS, JS, images)
+│   │   ├── css/               # CSS files including Bootstrap
+│   │   ├── js/                # JavaScript files
+│   │   └── images/            # Image files
+│   ├── utils/                 # Utility functions
+│   ├── views/                 # Tera templates
+│   └── main.rs                # Application entry point
+```
+
+## Getting Started
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+- Rust and Cargo (latest stable version)
+
+### Installation
+
+1. Clone the repository:
+   ```
+   git clone https://github.com/yourusername/actix_mvc_app.git
+   cd actix_mvc_app
+   ```
+
+2. Build the project:
+   ```
+   cargo build
+   ```
+
+3. Run the application:
+   ```
+   cargo run
+   ```
+
+4. Open your browser and navigate to `http://localhost:8080`
+
+## Configuration
+
+The application can be configured using environment variables or configuration files. The following environment variables are supported:
+
+- `APP__SERVER__HOST`: The host address to bind to (default: 127.0.0.1)
+- `APP__SERVER__PORT`: The port to listen on (default: 8080)
+- `APP__SERVER__WORKERS`: The number of worker threads (default: number of CPU cores)
+- `APP__TEMPLATES__DIR`: The directory containing templates (default: ./src/views)
+
+## Development
+
+### Adding a New Page
+
+1. Create a new template in the `src/views` directory
+2. Add a new handler method in the appropriate controller
+3. Add a new route in the `src/routes/mod.rs` file
+
+### Adding a New Model
+
+1. Create a new model file in the `src/models` directory
+2. Add the model to the `src/models/mod.rs` file
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the LICENSE file for details.

actix_mvc_app/src/app_middleware/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use actix_web::{
+    dev::{forward_ready, Service, ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse, Transform},
+    Error,
+};
+use futures::future::{ready, LocalBoxFuture, Ready};
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    time::Instant,
+};
+
+/// Middleware for logging request duration
+pub struct RequestTimer;
+
+impl<S, B> Transform<S, ServiceRequest> for RequestTimer
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Transform = RequestTimerMiddleware<S>;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ready(Ok(RequestTimerMiddleware { service }))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RequestTimerMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service<ServiceRequest> for RequestTimerMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
+
+    forward_ready!(service);
+
+    fn call(&self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let path = req.path().to_owned();
+        let method = req.method().to_string();
+
+        let fut = self.service.call(req);
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let res = fut.await?;
+            let duration = start.elapsed();
+            log::info!(
+                "{} {} - {} - {:?}",
+                method,
+                path,
+                res.status().as_u16(),
+                duration
+            );
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Middleware for adding security headers
+pub struct SecurityHeaders;
+
+impl<S, B> Transform<S, ServiceRequest> for SecurityHeaders
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Transform = SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S>;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ready(Ok(SecurityHeadersMiddleware { service }))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service<ServiceRequest> for SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ServiceResponse<B>, Error>>>>;
+
+    forward_ready!(service);
+
+    fn call(&self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        let fut = self.service.call(req);
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut res = fut.await?;
+            
+            // Add security headers
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::X_CONTENT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("nosniff"),
+            );
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::X_FRAME_OPTIONS,
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("DENY"),
+            );
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderName::from_static("x-xss-protection"),
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("1; mode=block"),
+            );
+            
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/config/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use std::env;
+use config::{Config, ConfigError, File};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+/// Application configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct AppConfig {
+    /// Server configuration
+    pub server: ServerConfig,
+    /// Template configuration
+    pub templates: TemplateConfig,
+}
+
+/// Server configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct ServerConfig {
+    /// Host address to bind to
+    pub host: String,
+    /// Port to listen on
+    pub port: u16,
+    /// Workers count
+    pub workers: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Template configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct TemplateConfig {
+    /// Directory containing templates
+    pub dir: String,
+}
+
+impl AppConfig {
+    /// Loads configuration from files and environment variables
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self, ConfigError> {
+        // Set default values
+        let mut config_builder = Config::builder()
+            .set_default("server.host", "127.0.0.1")?
+            .set_default("server.port", 8080)?
+            .set_default("server.workers", None::<u32>)?
+            .set_default("templates.dir", "./src/views")?;
+
+        // Load from config file if it exists
+        if let Ok(config_path) = env::var("APP_CONFIG") {
+            config_builder = config_builder.add_source(File::with_name(&config_path));
+        } else {
+            // Try to load from default locations
+            config_builder = config_builder
+                .add_source(File::with_name("config/default").required(false))
+                .add_source(File::with_name("config/local").required(false));
+        }
+
+        // Override with environment variables (e.g., SERVER__HOST, SERVER__PORT)
+        config_builder = config_builder.add_source(config::Environment::with_prefix("APP").separator("__"));
+
+        // Build and deserialize the config
+        let config = config_builder.build()?;
+        config.try_deserialize()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the application configuration
+pub fn get_config() -> AppConfig {
+    AppConfig::new().expect("Failed to load configuration")
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/controllers/home.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use actix_web::{web, HttpResponse, Responder, Result};
+use tera::Tera;
+use crate::models::User;
+
+/// Controller for handling home-related routes
+pub struct HomeController;
+
+impl HomeController {
+    /// Handles the home page route
+    pub async fn index(tmpl: web::Data<Tera>) -> Result<impl Responder> {
+        let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+        ctx.insert("active_page", "home");
+        
+        // Example of using models in controllers
+        let example_user = User::new("John Doe".to_string(), "john@example.com".to_string());
+        ctx.insert("user", &example_user);
+        
+        let rendered = tmpl.render("index.html", &ctx)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                eprintln!("Template rendering error: {}", e);
+                actix_web::error::ErrorInternalServerError("Template rendering error")
+            })?;
+        
+        Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type("text/html").body(rendered))
+    }
+    
+    /// Handles the about page route
+    pub async fn about(tmpl: web::Data<Tera>) -> Result<impl Responder> {
+        let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+        ctx.insert("active_page", "about");
+        
+        let rendered = tmpl.render("about.html", &ctx)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                eprintln!("Template rendering error: {}", e);
+                actix_web::error::ErrorInternalServerError("Template rendering error")
+            })?;
+        
+        Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type("text/html").body(rendered))
+    }
+    
+    /// Handles the contact page route
+    pub async fn contact(tmpl: web::Data<Tera>) -> Result<impl Responder> {
+        let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+        ctx.insert("active_page", "contact");
+        
+        let rendered = tmpl.render("contact.html", &ctx)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                eprintln!("Template rendering error: {}", e);
+                actix_web::error::ErrorInternalServerError("Template rendering error")
+            })?;
+        
+        Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type("text/html").body(rendered))
+    }
+    
+    /// Handles form submissions from the contact page
+    pub async fn submit_contact(
+        form: web::Form<ContactForm>,
+        tmpl: web::Data<Tera>
+    ) -> Result<impl Responder> {
+        // In a real application, you would process the form data here
+        // For example, save it to a database or send an email
+        
+        println!("Contact form submission: {:?}", form);
+        
+        // For this example, we'll just redirect back to the contact page
+        // with a success message
+        let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+        ctx.insert("active_page", "contact");
+        ctx.insert("success_message", "Your message has been sent successfully!");
+        
+        let rendered = tmpl.render("contact.html", &ctx)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                eprintln!("Template rendering error: {}", e);
+                actix_web::error::ErrorInternalServerError("Template rendering error")
+            })?;
+        
+        Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().content_type("text/html").body(rendered))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the data submitted in the contact form
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct ContactForm {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub email: String,
+    pub subject: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/controllers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Export controllers
+pub mod home;
+
+// Re-export controllers for easier imports
+pub use home::HomeController;

actix_mvc_app/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use actix_files as fs;
+use actix_web::{App, HttpServer, web};
+use actix_web::middleware::Logger;
+use tera::Tera;
+use std::io;
+
+mod config;
+mod controllers;
+mod app_middleware;
+mod models;
+mod routes;
+mod utils;
+
+// Import middleware components
+use app_middleware::{RequestTimer, SecurityHeaders};
+
+#[actix_web::main]
+async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
+    // Initialize environment
+    dotenv::dotenv().ok();
+    env_logger::init_from_env(env_logger::Env::default().default_filter_or("info"));
+    
+    // Load configuration
+    let config = config::get_config();
+    let bind_address = format!("{}:{}", config.server.host, config.server.port);
+    
+    log::info!("Starting server at http://{}", bind_address);
+    
+    // Create and configure the HTTP server
+    HttpServer::new(move || {
+        // Initialize Tera templates
+        let mut tera = match Tera::new(&format!("{}/**/*.html", config.templates.dir)) {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("Parsing error(s): {}", e);
+                ::std::process::exit(1);
+            }
+        };
+        
+        // Register custom Tera functions
+        utils::register_tera_functions(&mut tera);
+        
+        App::new()
+            // Enable logger middleware
+            .wrap(Logger::default())
+            // Add custom middleware
+            .wrap(RequestTimer)
+            .wrap(SecurityHeaders)
+            // Configure static files
+            .service(fs::Files::new("/static", "./src/static"))
+            // Add Tera template engine
+            .app_data(web::Data::new(tera))
+            // Configure routes
+            .configure(routes::configure_routes)
+    })
+    .bind(bind_address)?
+    .workers(num_cpus::get())
+    .run()
+    .await
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/middleware/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+use actix_web::{
+    dev::{forward_ready, Service, ServiceRequest, ServiceResponse, Transform},
+    Error,
+};
+use futures::future::{ready, LocalBoxFuture, Ready};
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+    time::Instant,
+};
+
+/// Middleware for logging request duration
+pub struct RequestTimer;
+
+impl<S, B> Transform<S, ServiceRequest> for RequestTimer
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Transform = RequestTimerMiddleware<S>;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ready(Ok(RequestTimerMiddleware { service }))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RequestTimerMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service<ServiceRequest> for RequestTimerMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
+
+    forward_ready!(service);
+
+    fn call(&self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let path = req.path().to_owned();
+        let method = req.method().to_string();
+
+        let fut = self.service.call(req);
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let res = fut.await?;
+            let duration = start.elapsed();
+            log::info!(
+                "{} {} - {} - {:?}",
+                method,
+                path,
+                res.status().as_u16(),
+                duration
+            );
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Middleware for adding security headers
+pub struct SecurityHeaders;
+
+impl<S, B> Transform<S, ServiceRequest> for SecurityHeaders
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Transform = SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S>;
+    type InitError = ();
+    type Future = Ready<Result<Self::Transform, Self::InitError>>;
+
+    fn new_transform(&self, service: S) -> Self::Future {
+        ready(Ok(SecurityHeadersMiddleware { service }))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S, B> Service<ServiceRequest> for SecurityHeadersMiddleware<S>
+where
+    S: Service<ServiceRequest, Response = ServiceResponse<B>, Error = Error>,
+    S::Future: 'static,
+    B: 'static,
+{
+    type Response = ServiceResponse<B>;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<ServiceResponse<B>, Error>>>>;
+
+    forward_ready!(service);
+
+    fn call(&self, req: ServiceRequest) -> Self::Future {
+        let fut = self.service.call(req);
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut res = fut.await?;
+            
+            // Add security headers
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::X_CONTENT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("nosniff"),
+            );
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::X_FRAME_OPTIONS,
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("DENY"),
+            );
+            res.headers_mut().insert(
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderName::from_static("x-xss-protection"),
+                actix_web::http::header::HeaderValue::from_static("1; mode=block"),
+            );
+            
+            Ok(res)
+        })
+    }
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/models/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Export models
+pub mod user;
+
+// Re-export models for easier imports
+pub use user::User;

actix_mvc_app/src/models/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
+
+/// Represents a user in the system
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct User {
+    /// Unique identifier for the user
+    pub id: Option<i32>,
+    /// User's full name
+    pub name: String,
+    /// User's email address
+    pub email: String,
+    /// User's role in the system
+    pub role: UserRole,
+    /// When the user was created
+    pub created_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+    /// When the user was last updated
+    pub updated_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
+}
+
+/// Represents the possible roles a user can have
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+pub enum UserRole {
+    /// Regular user with limited permissions
+    User,
+    /// Administrator with full permissions
+    Admin,
+}
+
+impl User {
+    /// Creates a new user with default values
+    pub fn new(name: String, email: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: None,
+            name,
+            email,
+            role: UserRole::User,
+            created_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+            updated_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new admin user
+    pub fn new_admin(name: String, email: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: None,
+            name,
+            email,
+            role: UserRole::Admin,
+            created_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+            updated_at: Some(Utc::now()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if the user is an admin
+    pub fn is_admin(&self) -> bool {
+        self.role == UserRole::Admin
+    }
+
+    /// Updates the user's information
+    pub fn update(&mut self, name: Option<String>, email: Option<String>) {
+        if let Some(name) = name {
+            self.name = name;
+        }
+        
+        if let Some(email) = email {
+            self.email = email;
+        }
+        
+        self.updated_at = Some(Utc::now());
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_user() {
+        let user = User::new("John Doe".to_string(), "john@example.com".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(user.name, "John Doe");
+        assert_eq!(user.email, "john@example.com");
+        assert!(!user.is_admin());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_new_admin() {
+        let admin = User::new_admin("Admin User".to_string(), "admin@example.com".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(admin.name, "Admin User");
+        assert_eq!(admin.email, "admin@example.com");
+        assert!(admin.is_admin());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_update_user() {
+        let mut user = User::new("John Doe".to_string(), "john@example.com".to_string());
+        user.update(Some("Jane Doe".to_string()), None);
+        assert_eq!(user.name, "Jane Doe");
+        assert_eq!(user.email, "john@example.com");
+        
+        user.update(None, Some("jane@example.com".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(user.name, "Jane Doe");
+        assert_eq!(user.email, "jane@example.com");
+    }
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/routes/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use actix_web::web;
+use crate::controllers::home::HomeController;
+
+/// Configures all application routes
+pub fn configure_routes(cfg: &mut web::ServiceConfig) {
+    cfg.service(
+        web::scope("")
+            // Home routes
+            .route("/", web::get().to(HomeController::index))
+            .route("/about", web::get().to(HomeController::about))
+            .route("/contact", web::get().to(HomeController::contact))
+            .route("/contact", web::post().to(HomeController::submit_contact))
+            
+            // Add more routes here as needed
+    );
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use chrono::{DateTime, TimeZone, Utc};
+use tera::{self, Function, Result, Value};
+
+/// Registers custom Tera functions
+pub fn register_tera_functions(tera: &mut tera::Tera) {
+    tera.register_function("now", NowFunction);
+    tera.register_function("format_date", FormatDateFunction);
+}
+
+/// Tera function to get the current date/time
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct NowFunction;
+
+impl Function for NowFunction {
+    fn call(&self, args: &std::collections::HashMap<String, Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+        let format = match args.get("format") {
+            Some(val) => match val.as_str() {
+                Some(s) => s,
+                None => "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+            },
+            None => "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+        };
+
+        let now = Utc::now();
+        
+        // Special case for just getting the year
+        if args.get("year").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()).unwrap_or(false) {
+            return Ok(Value::String(now.format("%Y").to_string()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Value::String(now.format(format).to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tera function to format a date
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct FormatDateFunction;
+
+impl Function for FormatDateFunction {
+    fn call(&self, args: &std::collections::HashMap<String, Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+        let timestamp = match args.get("timestamp") {
+            Some(val) => match val.as_i64() {
+                Some(ts) => ts,
+                None => {
+                    return Err(tera::Error::msg(
+                        "The 'timestamp' argument must be a valid timestamp",
+                    ))
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                return Err(tera::Error::msg(
+                    "The 'timestamp' argument is required",
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+
+        let format = match args.get("format") {
+            Some(val) => match val.as_str() {
+                Some(s) => s,
+                None => "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+            },
+            None => "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+        };
+
+        // Convert timestamp to DateTime using the non-deprecated method
+        let datetime = match DateTime::from_timestamp(timestamp, 0) {
+            Some(dt) => dt,
+            None => {
+                return Err(tera::Error::msg(
+                    "Failed to convert timestamp to datetime",
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+        
+        Ok(Value::String(datetime.format(format).to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats a date for display
+pub fn format_date(date: &DateTime<Utc>, format: &str) -> String {
+    date.format(format).to_string()
+}
+
+/// Truncates a string to a maximum length and adds an ellipsis if truncated
+pub fn truncate_string(s: &str, max_length: usize) -> String {
+    if s.len() <= max_length {
+        s.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{}...", &s[0..max_length])
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_truncate_string() {
+        assert_eq!(truncate_string("Hello", 10), "Hello");
+        assert_eq!(truncate_string("Hello, world!", 5), "Hello...");
+        assert_eq!(truncate_string("", 5), "");
+    }
+}

actix_mvc_app/src/views/about.html

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}About - Actix MVC App{% endblock %}
+
+{% block content %}
+<div class="row">
+    <div class="col-md-12">
+        <div class="card">
+            <div class="card-body">
+                <h1 class="card-title">About Actix MVC App</h1>
+                <p class="card-text">This is a sample application demonstrating how to build a web application using Rust with an MVC architecture.</p>
+                
+                <h2 class="mt-4">Technology Stack</h2>
+                <div class="row">
+                    <div class="col-md-6">
+                        <div class="card mb-3">
+                            <div class="card-header">Backend</div>
+                            <ul class="list-group list-group-flush">
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>Actix Web</strong> - A powerful, pragmatic, and extremely fast web framework for Rust
+                                </li>
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>Tera</strong> - A template engine inspired by Jinja2 and Django templates
+                                </li>
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>Serde</strong> - A framework for serializing and deserializing Rust data structures
+                                </li>
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="col-md-6">
+                        <div class="card mb-3">
+                            <div class="card-header">Frontend</div>
+                            <ul class="list-group list-group-flush">
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>Bootstrap 5.3.5</strong> - A popular CSS framework for responsive web design
+                                </li>
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>HTML5</strong> - The latest version of the HTML standard
+                                </li>
+                                <li class="list-group-item">
+                                    <strong>CSS3</strong> - The latest evolution of the Cascading Style Sheets language
+                                </li>
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+                
+                <h2 class="mt-4">MVC Architecture</h2>
+                <p>This application follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern:</p>
+                <ul>
+                    <li><strong>Model:</strong> Represents the data and business logic of the application</li>
+                    <li><strong>View:</strong> Represents the UI of the application (Tera templates)</li>
+                    <li><strong>Controller:</strong> Handles the user request, works with the Model, and selects a View to render</li>
+                </ul>
+                
+                <a href="/contact" class="btn btn-primary mt-3">Contact Us</a>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}

actix_mvc_app/src/views/base.html

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <title>{% block title %}Actix MVC App{% endblock %}</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/bootstrap.min.css">
+    {% block extra_css %}{% endblock %}
+</head>
+<body>
+    <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-dark">
+        <div class="container">
+            <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">Actix MVC App</a>
+            <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
+                <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
+            </button>
+            <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
+                <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto">
+                    <li class="nav-item">
+                        <a class="nav-link {% if active_page == 'home' %}active{% endif %}" href="/">Home</a>
+                    </li>
+                    <li class="nav-item">
+                        <a class="nav-link {% if active_page == 'about' %}active{% endif %}" href="/about">About</a>
+                    </li>
+                    <li class="nav-item">
+                        <a class="nav-link {% if active_page == 'contact' %}active{% endif %}" href="/contact">Contact</a>
+                    </li>
+                </ul>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </nav>
+
+    <main class="container py-4">
+        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
+    </main>
+
+    <footer class="bg-dark text-white py-4 mt-5">
+        <div class="container">
+            <div class="row">
+                <div class="col-md-6">
+                    <h5>Actix MVC App</h5>
+                    <p>A Rust web application using Actix Web, Tera templates, and Bootstrap.</p>
+                </div>
+                <div class="col-md-6 text-md-end">
+                    <p>&copy; {{ now(year=true) }} Actix MVC App. All rights reserved.</p>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </footer>
+
+    <script src="/static/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
+    {% block extra_js %}{% endblock %}
+</body>
+</html>

actix_mvc_app/src/views/contact.html

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}Contact - Actix MVC App{% endblock %}
+
+{% block content %}
+<div class="row">
+    <div class="col-md-8 offset-md-2">
+        <div class="card">
+            <div class="card-body">
+                <h1 class="card-title">Contact Us</h1>
+                <p class="card-text">Have questions or feedback? Feel free to reach out to us using the form below.</p>
+                
+                <form id="contactForm" class="mt-4">
+                    <div class="mb-3">
+                        <label for="name" class="form-label">Name</label>
+                        <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name" name="name" required>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="mb-3">
+                        <label for="email" class="form-label">Email</label>
+                        <input type="email" class="form-control" id="email" name="email" required>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="mb-3">
+                        <label for="subject" class="form-label">Subject</label>
+                        <input type="text" class="form-control" id="subject" name="subject" required>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="mb-3">
+                        <label for="message" class="form-label">Message</label>
+                        <textarea class="form-control" id="message" name="message" rows="5" required></textarea>
+                    </div>
+                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>
+                </form>
+                
+                <div class="mt-5">
+                    <h3>Other Ways to Connect</h3>
+                    <div class="row mt-3">
+                        <div class="col-md-6">
+                            <div class="card mb-3">
+                                <div class="card-body">
+                                    <h5 class="card-title">Email</h5>
+                                    <p class="card-text">info@example.com</p>
+                                </div>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="col-md-6">
+                            <div class="card mb-3">
+                                <div class="card-body">
+                                    <h5 class="card-title">GitHub</h5>
+                                    <p class="card-text">github.com/example/actix-mvc-app</p>
+                                </div>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</div>
+
+{% block extra_js %}
+<script>
+    document.getElementById('contactForm').addEventListener('submit', function(e) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        alert('This is a demo form. In a real application, this would submit data to the server.');
+    });
+</script>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% endblock %}

actix_mvc_app/src/views/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}Home - Actix MVC App{% endblock %}
+
+{% block content %}
+<div class="row">
+    <div class="col-md-12">
+        <div class="card">
+            <div class="card-body">
+                <h1 class="card-title">Welcome to Actix MVC App</h1>
+                <p class="card-text">This is a Rust web application built with:</p>
+                <ul class="list-group list-group-flush mb-4">
+                    <li class="list-group-item">Actix Web - A powerful, pragmatic, and extremely fast web framework for Rust</li>
+                    <li class="list-group-item">Tera Templates - A template engine inspired by Jinja2 and Django templates</li>
+                    <li class="list-group-item">Bootstrap 5.3.5 - A popular CSS framework for responsive web design</li>
+                </ul>
+                <p>This application follows the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern:</p>
+                <div class="row">
+                    <div class="col-md-4">
+                        <div class="card mb-3">
+                            <div class="card-header bg-primary text-white">
+                                Models
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="card-body">
+                                <p>Data structures and business logic</p>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="col-md-4">
+                        <div class="card mb-3">
+                            <div class="card-header bg-success text-white">
+                                Views
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="card-body">
+                                <p>Tera templates for rendering HTML</p>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="col-md-4">
+                        <div class="card mb-3">
+                            <div class="card-header bg-info text-white">
+                                Controllers
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="card-body">
+                                <p>Request handlers and application logic</p>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+                <a href="/about" class="btn btn-primary">Learn More</a>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}